Story of TriPro®

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It all starts from ACE2

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane protein found on the cell surfaces of multiple tissues such as lung, artery, heart, pancreas, kidney, and intestine. It is also the cellular entry point of some coronavirus including SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike(S) protein on the coronavirus is folded into a perfect three-dimensional structure (key) that fits the host cell receptor, ACE2 (lock). The binding facilitates virus entry into the cell, initiating the virus life cycle that is followed by virus replication, assembly, and release.

TriPro® Development History

Researchers developing TriPro® were inspired by the lock and key model that enables virus entry[1]:

1. The molecular stability and flexibility of the spike protein are affected by intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bridges. Disruption of disulfide bridges can destabilize the “key” structure of the S protein, decreasing binding affinity to the host cell. [2]

2. Pathogens and debris from air is filtered by a carpet of beating cilia that sweeps the mucus covering the upper airway. Nasal mucosal pH is maintained at 5.5-6.5 but increases in rhinitis to 7.2-8.3[3]. Furthermore, studies have also found that coronavirus S protein structure is more stable at higher pH levels of 7.5-9[4]. Maintaining a weakly acidic nasal mucosa environment destabilizes S protein and ACE2 binding and decreases infection risk.

3. When RNA virus invades a host cell, the immune system is activated, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase. If excessive ROS is not neutralized by antioxidants, the cell experiences oxidative stress, a condition favourable for virus replication[5]. TriPro® is designed to increase antioxidant levels in the nasal epithelium to maintain the balance needed for cellular defence against virus invasion.

TriPro® Nasal Spray is developed to target coronaviruses. The fluid-gel formulation forms a weakly acidic film protection against airborne pathogens. A specially selected peptide is crosslinked into the gel structure to inhibit coronavirus binding to host cells. The peptide also reinforces the cell’s ability to resist oxidative stress during immune reaction[6]. Ultimately, the patented TriPro® Nasal Spray fortifies protection against pathogens especially for immunocompromised individuals.

1. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 21, 12256–12274. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502

2. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 597 (2022) 30-36 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8800159/pdf/main.pdf

3. Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences. Vol 24 (1). 67-68 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00223.x

4. Res Sq. Preprint. 2021 Sep 9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8437318/pdf/nihpp-rs871118v1.pdf

5. Int J Cell Biol. 2014: 467452 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034720/

6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098

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